Tuesday, May 29, 2012

SPARK ENGLISH READER TG BOOK - 8

SPARK ENGLISH READER TG BOOK - 8

UNIT – 1: Culture and Mythology
Poem : Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
About the poem
Find the facts
1.     Peter Brueghel (1568-1625) was a Renaissance painter and print maker known for his landscapes and peasants scenes. Brughel's 'The Landscape with the Fall of Icarus' is oil an oil painting on canvas (17.5 x 112 cm) painted in 1558.
2.     No.
3.     At farming.
4.     That people are indifferent to the sufferings of others
5.     Brughel
Explore the text
6.     When Icarus splashed into the sea the peasants in the neighborhood were busy with their farm works. Nobody seemed to be bothered by his death.
7.     It suggests the 'plunge' or the fall of Icarus into the sea.
8.     Both the Brughel's painting and Williams's poem is based on the theme of 'man being indifferent to the pains and suffering of other man.' All people, farmers, sailors etc. reacted coldly to Icarus's death. Isn't this a common human trait! 
9.     Because the poem is based on the landscape portrayed in the Brughel's painting which shows Icarus falling into the blue sea, and the peasants busy in their work.
10.   Williams's poem is a portrait in words about how modern people have become selfish and indifferent to others pains. Modern people are so busy that they have no time for family and human relationship. This shows how man's concern has shifted from from society to himself.
11.   Daedalus was a legendary Athenian, the father of Icarus, who formed the labyrinth on Crete. He was imprisoned in the island by King Minos and escaped using wings of wax and feathers by which he and his son flew from Crete across the Greek Islands. When Daedalus flew from Crete, Icarus flew with him but the sun melted the wax in the Icarus' wings and he fell into the sea. Those waters of the Aegean where he fell were called thereafter the Icarian Sea.
Story : Savitri
The story of the princess Savitri is one of the best-known and best-loved tales of the Hindus. It appears within The Mahabharata, the Hindus' greatest epic, which is much like an Old Testament to the Hindus. In the story, the princess Savitri must use all her wit and will to save her husband from the god of death.
Find the facts
1.     The king was childless so he offered prayers to the fire god. Yes, it was fulfilled. he was gifted with the divine child Savitri.
2.     Savitri was as beautiful and bright as goddess. So men feared from marrying her.
3.     Narad muni is a divine sage from the Vaisnava tradition. He plays a prominent role in a number of the mythological texts especially in the Bhagavata Gita myth and in the Ramayan. He is the author of Pancaratra, a standard text for Vaisnava's priests which contains the technical and philosophical meanings of the temple Deity worship.
        He reveals that Satyavan would die within a year.
4.     When Satyavan resurrected from death Savitri was filled with sadness as well as happiness.
Words in use
5.     (i)     surrender
        (ii)    Savitri
6.     Devotion, Determination
7.     virtue
Explore the text
8.     She resolved to marry with Satyavan because he was the wisest and virtuous man on Earth.
9.     Their love can be described as sacred and truthful.
10.   Because it was the law of the nature. A person who dies once cannot be brought back to life again. 
11.   To bring back her beloved husband to life again. This shows her strong determination and selfless love for her husband.

Novella: The Canterville Ghost
Chapter - 1 : Canterville Ghost
About the text
The story of the Canterville Ghost takes place in an old English country house, Canterville Chase, which has all the accoutrements of a traditional haunted house. Descriptions of the wainscotting, the library paneled in black oak, and the armor in the hallway characterize the Gothic setting and help Wilde clash the Old World with the New. Typical of the style of the English Decadents, the gothic atmosphere reveals the author’s fascination with the macabre. Yet he mixes the macabre with comedy, juxtaposing devices from traditional English ghost stories such as creaking floorboards, clanking chains, and ancient prophecies with symbols of modern American consumerism. Wilde’s Gothic setting helps emphasize the contrast between cultures—setting modern Americans in what could arguably be a classic symbol of British history—and underscores the "modern" thinking of the house's mismatched residents, the Otises.
        The story begins when Mr Otis's family shifted to Canterville Chase, despite warnings from Lord Canterville that the house is haunted. The Otis family includes Mr. and Mrs. Otis, their daughter Virginia, twin boys (often referred to as "Stars and Stripes") and their eldest son Washington. At the onset of the tale, not one member of the Otis family believes in ghosts, but shortly after they move in, none of them can deny the presence of Sir Simon (The Ghost). The family hears clanking chains, they witness re-appearing bloodstains "on the floor just by the fireplace", and they see strange apparitions in various forms. But, humorously, none of these scare the Otises in the least. In fact, upon hearing the clanking noises in the hallway, Mr. Otis promptly gets out of bed and pragmatically offers the ghost Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator to oil his chains.
        Despite Sir Simon’s attempts to appear in the most gruesome guises, the family refuses to be frightened, and Sir Simon feels increasingly helpless and humiliated. When Mrs. Otis notices a mysterious red mark on the floor, she simply replies that she does “not at all care for blood stains in the sitting room.” When Mrs. Umney, the housekeeper, informs Mrs. Otis that the blood stain is indeed evidence of the ghost and cannot be removed, Washington Otis, the eldest son, suggests that the stain be removed with Pinkerton’s Champion Stain Remover and Paragon Detergent: A quick fix, like the Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator, and a practical way of dealing with the problem.
        Wilde describes Mrs. Otis as “a very handsome middle-aged woman” who has been “a celebrated New York belle.” Her expression of "modern" American culture surfaces when she immediately resorts to using the commercial stain remover to obliterate the bloodstains and when she expresses an interest in joining the Psychical Society to help her understand the ghost. Mrs. Otis is given Wilde's highest praise when he says: "Indeed, in many respects, she was quite English..."
        The most colourful character in the story is undoubtedly the ghost himself, Sir Simon, who goes about his duties with theatrical panache and flair. He assumes a series of dramatic roles in his failed attempts to impress and terrify the Otises, making it easy to imagine him as a comical character in a stage play. The ghost has the ability to change forms, so he taps into his repertoire of tricks. He takes the role of ghostly apparitions such as a Headless Earl, a Strangled Babe, the Blood-Sucker of Bexley Moor, Jonas the Graveless, Suicide’s Skeleton, and the Corpse-Snatcher of Chertsey Barn, all having succeeded in horrifying previous castle residents over the centuries. But none of them works with these Americans. Sir Simon schemes, but even as his costumes become increasingly gruesome, his antics do nothing to scare his house guests, and the Otises succeed in foiling him every time. He falls victim to trip wires, pea shooters, butter-slides, and falling buckets of water. In a particularly comical scene, he is frightened by the sight of a “ghost,” rigged up by the mischievous twins.
        During the course of the story, as narrated by Sir Simon, we come to understand the complexity of the ghost’s emotions. We see him brave, frightening, distressed, scared, and finally, depressed and weak. He exposes his vulnerability during an encounter with Virginia, Mr. Otis’ fifteen-year-old daughter. Virginia is different from everyone else in the family, and Sir Simon recognizes this fact. He tells her that he has not slept in three hundred years and wants desperately to do so. The ghost reveals to Virginia the tragic tale of his wife, Lady Eleanor de Canterville.
        Unlike the rest of her family, Virginia does not dismiss the ghost. She takes him seriously; she listens to him and learns an important lesson, as well as the true meaning behind a riddle. Sir Simon de Canterville says that she must weep for him for he has no tears, she must pray for him for he has no faith and then she must accompany him to the angel of death and beg for Death's mercy upon Sir Simon. She does weep for him and pray for him, and she disappears with Sir Simon through the wainscoting and goes with him to the Garden of Death and bids the ghost farewell. Then she reappears at midnight, through a panel in the wall, carrying jewels and news that Sir Simon has passed on to the next world and no longer resides in the house. Virginia’s ability to accept Sir Simon leads to her enlightenment; Sir Simon, she tells her husband several years later, helped her understand “what Life is, what Death signifies, and why Love is stronger than both.”
After you read
(a)   USA
(b)   No
(c)    Washington Otis removes the stain.
(d)   The castle is haunted by a ghost.
        Lady Eleanore was murdered by Sir Simon.
(e)   Mrs Umney led them into the library.
        Washington Otis cleaned the spot.
(f)    tnah = haunt; odolb = blood; sltace = castle;
        thogs = ghost; rundhet = thunder; belitrer= terrible
Creative Writing
Kay Goes Fishing
1.     Kay and her dad climbed into the small boat.
2.     Dad started the engine and drove the boat to the other side of the lake.
3.     Dad prepared the fishing pole, dropped the line in the water, and handed it to Kay.
4.     “I've got a fish,” Kay yelled.
Mike and Tom Play Catch
1.     Mike pulled a baseball out of his jacket pocket and tossed it to Tom.
2.     Tom caught the ball and threw it back to Mike.
3.     Mike reached up in the air for the ball, but missed.
4.     The ball landed on the driveway and rolled toward the street.
Fran and the Basketball
1.     Fran went outside on a bright and sunny day.
2.     She found a basketball in the garage and started dribbling it.
3.     She dribbled it down the driveway, turned toward the net, and threw the ball into the air.
4.     Fran jumped excitedly as the ball went through the hoop.

Listening: A Trick
A.     Complete the missing words in the following phrases.
        (a) play a trick                  (b) waking them up
        (c) came over                  (d) crept into
        (e) morning scene           (f) went back
B.     The correct order is:
(a)   It was late night and everyone in the house was fast asleep.
(b)   The children entered into their parents' bedroom to play a trick on them.
(c)    One brother drew the sun while the other advanced the time on the alarm clock.
(d)   When the alarm rang the parents jumped out of their bed.
(e)   Father went to brush his teeth and mother to wake the children up.
(f)    The children got scolding for playing trick on them.
(g)   The parents never left their bedroom open.

UNIT- 2 : Gender and Class
Poem: Richard Cory
About the text
        In “Richard Cory,” the focus is not on “why” the suicide did what he did; it is on the mystery itself. Certainly, the people who admired Cory because of all he possessed personally and financially did not expect such an act. To them he seemed to have everything worth living for, while they struggled to put food on the table.
        The main thrust of this poem suggests the differences between the wealthy and the less-well-off. The speaker of the poem belongs to the latter class, and the poem clearly draws distinctions between “us” and “him” (Richard Cory). In the second line, “We people on the pavement” suggests a lower class: we looked up to him as well as merely staring at him as “looked at him” indicates.
        The speaker of this poem is careful to make sure his listeners understand that Richard Cory was just a really nice guy. He did not look down on the common folk; he did not behave arrogantly; he spoke to people the way the speaker would expect him to, “he was always human when he talked.” Cory seemed very friendly, affable, happy, just like the common working-class stiffs only better looking and richer.
        Even though Cory was “quietly arrayed,” not arrogant or haughty, and even though he chatted like a regular guy, still he made people a little nervous when he addressed them, and he looked like gold as he passed by.
        We must remember that the speaker is a little obsessed with Richard Cory’s behavior and appearance, so while the speaker wants us to realize that Cory was a nice man who would chat with the common folk, still his manner and appearance had an effect on people. We can certainly take from this poem the old adage that appearances are deceiving.
Find the facts
1.     He looks very descent, civilized, good mannered, well dressed, affluent, slim, cheerful and happy.
2.     He fluttered pulses when he said, Good morning.
3.     He belongs to upper rich class while the people belong to poor lower class.
4.     He acts very gently and politely.
5.     Looking at his life, people envied and felt jealous
6.     They reveal that Cory committed suicide because he wasn't a happy man from within.
Explore the text
7. They thought him to be very prosperous, successful, lucky and happy man.
8.     Various answers.
9.     The positive characteristics were his physical appearance, manner of dress, gentle speech, and the ability to speak directly to people while maintaining his power to impress them.
10.   They were mostly downtrodden and lower class people who struggled hard to make their both ends meet.
11.   The poem does not answer this question. But, of course, the reader may freely speculate. Perhaps, because he has everything, he has nothing to do and feels useless. Or could it be that he lacks the one thing that others in the town have: a caring family? Maybe he is in bad health or has suffered a financial reversal. Ask students to contribute their view.
12.   The given/above lines come from Robinson's "Richard Cory". The speakers (the people) reveal their pathetic and plightful living condition. Here the working class people look up at Richard Cory who represents the rich upper class, and indirectly compare themselves with Cory. They do not seem content with their life.

Story : The Diamond Necklace
About the text
        Mathilde Loisel is “pretty and charming” but feels she has been born into a family of unfavorable economic status. She was married off to a lowly clerk in the Ministry of Education, who can afford to provide her only with a modest though not uncomfortable lifestyle. Mathilde feels the burden of her poverty intensely. She regrets her lot in life and spends endless hours imagining a more extravagant existence. While her husband expresses his pleasure at the small, modest supper she has prepared for him, she dreams of an elaborate feast served on fancy china and eaten in the company of wealthy friends. She possesses no fancy jewels or clothing, yet these are the only things she lives for. Without them, she feels she is not desirable. She has one wealthy friend, Madame Forestier, but refuses to visit her because of the heartbreak it brings her.
        One night, her husband returns home proudly bearing an invitation to a formal party hosted by the Ministry of Education. He hopes that Mathilde will be thrilled with the chance to attend an event of this sort, but she is instantly angry and begins to cry. Through her tears, she tells him that she has nothing to wear and he ought to give the invitation to one of his friends whose wife can afford better clothing. Her husband is upset by her reaction and asks how much a suitable dress would cost. She thinks about it carefully and tells him that 400 francs would be enough. Her husband quietly balks at the sum but agrees that she may have the money.
        As the day of the party approaches, Mathilde starts to behave oddly. She confesses that the reason for her behavior is her lack of jewels. Monsieur Loisel suggests that she wear flowers, but she refuses. He implores her to visit Madame Forestier and borrow something from her. Madame Forestier agrees to lend Mathilde her jewels, and Mathilde selects a diamond necklace. She is overcome with gratitude at Madame Forestier’s generosity.
At the party, Mathilde is the most beautiful woman in attendance, and everyone notices her. She is intoxicated by the attention and has an overwhelming sense of self-satisfaction. At 4 a.m., she finally looks for Monsieur Loisel, who has been dozing for hours in a deserted room. He cloaks her bare shoulders in a wrap and cautions her to wait inside, away from the cold night air, while he fetches a cab. But she is ashamed at the shabbiness of her wrap and follows Monsieur Loisel outside. They walk for a while before hailing a cab.
        When they finally return home, Mathilde is saddened that the night has ended. As she removes her wrap, she discovers that her necklace is no longer around her neck. In a panic, Monsieur Loisel goes outside and retraces their steps. Terrified, she sits and waits for him. He returns home much later in an even greater panic—he has not found the necklace. He instructs her to write to Madame Forestier and say that she has broken the clasp of the necklace and is getting it mended.
        They continue to look for the necklace. After a week, Monsieur Loisel says they have to see about replacing it. They visit many jewelers, searching for a similar necklace, and finally find one. It costs 40,000 francs, although the jeweler says he will give it to them for 36,000. The Loisels spend a week scraping up money from all kinds of sources, mortgaging the rest of their existence. After three days, Monsieur Loisel purchases the necklace. When Mathilde returns the necklace, in its case, to Madame Forestier, Madame Forestier is annoyed at how long it has taken to get it back but does not open the case to inspect it. Mathilde is relieved.
        The Loisels began to live a life of crippling poverty. They dismiss their servant and move into an even smaller apartment. Monsieur Loisel works three jobs, and Mathilde spends all her time doing the heavy housework. This misery lasts ten years, but at the end they have repaid their financial debts. Mathilde’s extraordinary beauty is now gone: she looks just likes the other women of poor households. They are both tired and irrevocably damaged from these years of hardship.
        One Sunday, while she is out for a walk, Mathilde spots Madame Forestier. Feeling emotional, she approaches her and offers greetings. Madame Forestier does not recognize her, and when Mathilde identifies herself, Madame Forestier cannot help but exclaim that she looks different. Mathilde says that the change was on her account and explains to her the long saga of losing the necklace, replacing it, and working for ten years to repay the debts. At the end of her story, Madame Forestier clasps her hands and tells Mathilde the original necklace was just costume jewelry and not worth anything.
Characters
Mathilde Loisel -  The protagonist of the story. Mathilde has been blessed with physical beauty but not with the affluent lifestyle she yearns for, and she feels deeply discontented with her lot in life. When she prepares to attend a fancy party, she borrows a diamond necklace from her friend Madame Forestier, then loses the necklace and must work for ten years to pay off a replacement. Her one night of radiance cost her and Monsieur Loisel any chance for future happiness.
Monsieur Loisel -  Mathilde’s husband. Monsieur Loisel is content with the small pleasures of his life but does his best to appease Mathilde’s demands and assuage her complaints. He loves Mathilde immensely but does not truly understand her, and he seems to underestimate the depth of her unhappiness. When Mathilde loses the necklace, Monsieur Loisel sacrifices his own future to help her repay the debt. He pays dearly for something he had never wanted in the first place.
Madame Forestier -  Mathilde’s wealthy friend. Madame Forestier treats Mathilde kindly, but Mathilde is bitterly jealous of Madame Forestier’s wealth, and the kindness pains her. Madame Forestier lends Mathilde the necklace for the party and does not inspect it when Mathilde returns it. She is horrified to realize that Mathilde has wasted her life trying to pay for a replacement necklace, when the original necklace had actually been worth nothing.
Find the facts
1.     Choose the correct answer and complete the sentence:
a)     cerk
b)     she has no fancy clothes or jewels to wear
c)     400 francs
d)     Jeanne
e)     a diamond necklace
f)      40,000 francs
g)     10 years
h)     500
2.     Matilda was a pretty young lady. She felt as if she were born for all the delicacies and luxuries of life. But unluckily she was married with a petty clerk. She had no dowry, no money and no means of getting known. Therefore she was unhappy.
3. One evening Matilda’s husband brought an invitation card to attend the dinner party at residence of the Minister of Public Instruction. He was so elated because it would be a great occasion for them.
4.  She wasn't delighted, instead she looked more serious because she had not good clothes and ornaments to wear in the party.
5.     To buy a hunting gun.
6.     Because they had no personal car and didn't want any party guests to see them going by taxi.
7.  They search the lost necklace every where. Mr. Loisel spent the whole night at the party place looking for it. 
Explore the text
8.     Matilda was intoxicated with pleasure. She danced with great enthusiasm. She appeared to be the prettiest lady. All asked her name. Her dream was fulfilled. The missing of diamond necklace spoiled the pleasure.
9.     Loisel had to pay thirty six thousand francs for the new necklace. He had with him only eighteen thousand. He had to borrow the rest. He went to moneylenders. He had to pay high rate of interest. He also had to work overtime on meagre payment.
10.   Matilda and her husband suffered for ten years in repaying the money borrowed for purchasing the original diamond necklace. They sent away the maid and rented smaller rooms. She did all the household works. Loisel worked overtime.
11.   Matilda and her husband had to struggle and suffer for ten years to buy a necklace of thirty-six thousand francs in place of Mrs. Forestier’s fake necklace of five hundred francs. Both did menial jobs. Matilda repented for her mistakes.
12.   At first she failed to recognize Mme Loisel. But only when she told her name Mme Forestier recognized her.
13.   When the necklace was returned, Mme Forestier reacted very normally.
Grammar
A.     Complete the following sentences choosing suitable prepositions from the alternatives given in the brackets.
1. on                2. until          3. of                 4. in
5. at                 6. on            7. by                8. on
9. of                 10. for          11. out             12. at
13. through      14. of
B.     Complete the following text supplying the correct prepositions.
                He did borrow it, getting a thousand from one man, five hundred from another, five louis here, three louis there. He gave notes of hand, entered into ruinous agreements, did business with usurers and the whole tribe of money-lenders. He mortgaged the whole remaining years of his existence, risked his signature without even knowing it he could honour it, and, appalled at the agonizing face of the future, in the black misery about to fall upon him, at the prospect of every possible physical privation and moral torture, he went to get the new necklace and put upon the jeweller's counter thirty-six thousand francs.

Novella: The Canterville Ghost
Chapter II: The Ghost
After you read
1.     Tick the correct answer.
A.     The blood-stain is there again every morning.
B.     The ghost's chains.
C.    No
2.     Why do we use the simple past in the following sentences?
a)     actions that happened one after the other
b)     states in the past
3.     Find a synonym for each word in the text.
terrible → horrible
closer → nearer
have to →  must
big →  large
Creative Writing: Finding the main idea
The main idea of this paragraph is: c. Boots is very smart.
The main idea of this paragraph is: b. Joey had a great birthday.
The main idea of this paragraph is: d. Peter's parents made new rules so the new carpet stays clean.
Listening: A Special Christmas Present
A.     Listen to the story and complete the following summary of the text.
                David saves up his pocket money to buy a Christmas present for his mother. After three months, he takes $20.00 out of his bank account and goes to the mall. He buys a beautiful brooch for his mother. He wraps it in Christmas paper and places it under the Christmas tree. But when his mother opens  the gift, she screams, because she sees a spider .
B.     Choose the correct answer from the alternatives.<= 1 / 8=>
(a)   a Christmas present
(b)   $20.00
(c)    a brooch
(d)   because she thinks she sees a real spider
(e)   spiders are his favourite pet
(f)    under the Christmas tree

UNIT - 3 : Life and Responsibility
Poem  : Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923)   
About the text
        On a dark winter evening, the narrator stops his sleigh to watch the snow falling in the woods. At first he worries that the owner of the property will be upset by his presence, but then he remembers that the owner lives in town, and he is free to enjoy the beauty of the falling snow. The sleigh horse is confused by his master’s behavior — stopping far away from any farmhouse — and shakes his harness bells in impatience. After a few more moments, the narrator reluctantly continues on his way.
        In terms of text, this poem is remarkably simple: in sixteen lines, there is not a single three-syllable word and only sixteen two-syllable words. In terms of rhythmic scheme and form, however, the poem is surprisingly complex. The poem is made up of four stanzas, each with four stressed syllables in iambic meter. Within an individual stanza, the first, second, and fourth lines rhyme (for example, “know,” “though,” and “snow” of the first stanza), while the third line rhymes with the first, second, and fourth lines of the following stanza (for example, “here” of the first stanza rhymes with “queer,” “near,” and “year” of the second stanza).
        One of Frost’s most famous works, this poem is often touted as an example of his life work. As such, the poem is often analyzed to the minutest detail, far beyond what Frost himself intended for the short and simple piece. In reference to analyses of the work, Frost once said that he was annoyed by those “pressing it for more than it should be pressed for. It means enough without its being pressed…I don’t say that somebody shouldn’t press it, but I don’t want to be there.”
        The poem was inspired by a particularly difficult winter in New Hampshire when Frost was returning home after an unsuccessful trip at the market. Realizing that he did not have enough to buy Christmas presents for his children, Frost was overwhelmed with depression and stopped his horse at a bend in the road in order to cry. After a few minutes, the horse shook the bells on its harness, and Frost was cheered enough to continue home.
        The narrator in the poem does not seem to suffer from the same financial and emotional burdens as Frost did, but there is still an overwhelming sense of the narrator’s unavoidable responsibilities. He would prefer to watch the snow falling in the woods, even with his horse’s impatience, but he has “promises to keep,” obligations that he cannot ignore even if he wants to. It is unclear what these specific obligations are, but Frost does suggest that the narrator is particularly attracted to the woods because there is “not a farmhouse near.” He is able to enjoy complete isolation.
        Frost’s decision to repeat the final line could be read in several ways. On one hand, it reiterates the idea that the narrator has responsibilities that he is reluctant to fulfill. The repetition serves as a reminder, even a mantra, to the narrator, as if he would ultimately decide to stay in the woods unless he forces himself to remember his responsibilities. On the other hand, the repeated line could be a signal that the narrator is slowly falling asleep. Within this interpretation, the poem could end with the narrator’s death, perhaps as a result of hypothermia from staying in the frozen woods for too long.
        The narrator’s “promises to keep” can also be seen as a reference to traditional American duties for a farmer in New England. In a time and a place where hard work is valued above all things, the act of watching snow fall in the woods may be viewed as a particularly trivial indulgence. Even the narrator is aware that his behavior is not appropriate: he projects his insecurities onto his horse by admitting that even a work animal would “think it queer.”
Find the facts
1.     Because the beauty of the woods enchanted him.
2.     The last stanza.
3.     No.
4.     It means the speaker had to fulfill several obligations before he dies.
5.     Narrative
6.     Strange
7.     Yes, in the village.
Explore the text
8.     It is cold and snowy.
9.     To indicate if they had stopped in the wrong place.
10.   He says that he knows the owner of the woods. They may be from the same village or they may even be neighbours.
11.   Complete the following text choosing words from the box.
        On the surface, this poem is simplicity itself. The speaker stops by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the pull of obligations and the considerable distance yet to be traveled before he or she can rest for the night. It is about sacrifices, responsibilities and the poet’s love towards the nature.

Story : Three Questions
About the text
The Three Questions is a short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy first published in 1885 as part of the collection What Men Live By, and other tales. The story takes the form of a parable, and it concerns a king that wants to find the answers to what he considers the three most important questions in life.
The thought came to a certain king that he would never fail if he knew three things. These three things were
- What is the best time to do each thing?
- Who are the most important people to work with?
- What is the most important thing to do at all times?
Many educated men attempted to answer the king's questions, but they all came up with different answers. The king decided that he needed to ask a wise hermit in a nearby village. The hermit would only see common folk, however, so the king disguised himself as a peasant and left his guards behind to see the hermit. The hermit was digging flower beds when the king arrived. The king asked his questions, but the hermit went on digging rather laboriously. The king offered to dig for him for a while. After digging for some time, the king again asked his questions. Before the hermit could answer, a man emerged from the woods. He was bleeding from a terrible stomach wound. The king tended to him, and they stayed the night in the hermit's hut. By the next day the wounded man was doing better, but was incredulous at the help he had received. The man confessed that he knew who the king was, and that the king had executed his brother and seized his property. He had come to kill the king, but the guards wounded him in the stomach. The man pledged allegiance to the king, and he went on his way. The king asked the hermit again for his answers, and the hermit responded that he had just had his questions answered.
- The most important time is now. The present is the only time over which we have power.
- The most important person is whoever you are with.
- The most important thing is to do good to the person you are with.
Find the facts
1.     He made an announcement that whoever could answer the three questions would receive a great reward.
2.     Follow the schedule and do the thing accordingly.
3.     No.
4.     Because nobody gave satisfactory answer to his questions.
5.     Yes.
Words in use
6.     clever, foresighted, wise, enthusiastic, sympathetic, concerned, etc.
7.     Various answers.
Explore the text
8.     He was the emperor's enemy. He was running to save his life from the emperor's guards.
9.     His answers were the most important: i) time is now or the present, ii) person is the one we are with at the present, and iii) work is to serve the person you are with at present.
10.   Going to seek the answers of his three questions from the hermit gave him the opportunity to reunite and make friendship with his enemy.
11. The emperor is a man of great wisdom and enthusiasm. He is more concerned about gaining higher knowledge regarding his duties and responsibilities towards his subjects.
12.   a) where          b) who     c) which   d) whom / who

Grammar
A.     Supply correct question tag to the following sentences.
a. aren't you?                  b. does she?
c. hasn't he?                    d. is it?
e. didn't he?                     f. wouldn't you?
g. didn't she?                   h. did he?
i. didn't she?                    j. does she?
k. are they?                     l. hadn't you?
m. will you?                      n. won't we?
B.     If you think the following tag questions are correct tag questions, write Yes and if they are not, supply appropriate tag questions against them.
Sam:    I've not told you about Donna, have I? YES.
Sam:    Well I waited, didn't I? YES.
Paul:  Well, yeah, you'd have to wait, wouldn't you? YES.
Sam:     I'm on me (my) own, ain't I? aren't I?
Sam:    Well, she seen me walk in, ain't she? didn't she?
Paul:    I bet she was laughing, was she? wasn't she?
Sam:    Well, I've ordered me (my) lunch, ain't I? haven't I?
Paul:  Well, you'd have to order lunch, wouldn't you? wouldn't you?
Paul:  It's like a film sometimes, your life, innit? isn't it?

Novella: The Canterville Ghost
Chapter III: The Changing Stain
1.     Its colour changes.
2.     The ghost has tried to put it on but it was too heavy.
3.     He is afraid and runs away.
4.     Fill the gaps according to the text. Use simple past or past perfect.
i.      They woke up because a suit of armour had fallen on the floor.
ii.      The ghost was angry because he had not been able to wear the suit of armour.
5.     Find the opposite for each word in the text.
        laugh = cry; badly = well; enemy = friend; in front of = behind; worse = better

Creative Time (Beginning and Ending)
1.     beginning Once upon a time, there was a magical spider.
2.     ending Finally, we all went home to rest after our exciting adventure.
3.     ending It seemed like there was nothing we could do to solve this problem.
4.     beginning Let me tell you all about my baby sister.
5.     beginning Yesterday, I saw a big, yellow bird on the beach.
6.     beginning Have you heard about my funny dog, Muffy?
7.     ending They all lived happily ever after.
8.     beginning When I woke up, this morning, I saw that it was snowing.
9.     ending From that day on, Marvin never lied to his parents again.
10.   ending All in all, it was a special birthday.
11.   ending Finally, all the noise stopped and we went back into the house.
12.   ending And that's why I think my grandfather is the funniest man alive.
13.   ending We wished we had never opened that box.
14.   ending It was the best movie I had ever seen!
15.   beginning I am so excited to tell you what I did on my birthday.

Listening (At a Party)
A.     Tick the correct statements and correct the wrong ones.
        The people talking in the party are Peter and Jane. (√)
        Peter is from Amsterdam while Jane is from London. (Corrected)
        Peter is a Dutch and Jane is a Spanish. (√)
        Both Amsterdam and Spain are beautiful places. (Corrected)
B.     Complete the missing words or phrases in the following dialogue.
        See correct answer from tape script Page- 194)

UNIT - 4 : Science and Fiction
Poem: Television
Find the facts
1.     The poem is about the growing trends of watching TV and its adverse effects on school children.
2.     Monster, idiot, etc.
3.     The speaker expresses his concerns about the growing trend of watching Television by school children and how it negatively moulds the young mind of the kids who spend hours in front of it, and how it deprives children from experiencing the beautiful world and pleasures of life, and opines that it is an idiotic invention and urges not to install this monster at all.
4.     Probably yes. Because watching TV has more harms and benefits.
5.     Because taking care of children is really troublesome and annoying. TV engages the children so that parents needn't have to be worried about them.
6.     By reading beautiful stories, playing games, visiting interesting places, etc.
7.      i) away from T. V set
Explore the text
8.     Watching television is bad for children
                Some people might say that it has a negative effect on children if they watch TV. By contrast, I totally disagree with the statement that watching TV is bad for children. There are several reasons for this. There is a way of getting a great education by watching TV.
First of all, children can learn a lot of things by watching TV rather than learning negative things. There are many great programs in TV show, (such as) on science and international topics. Since my childhood days, I had always watched science TV shows, especially on space. It was easiest to learn what I want by watching TV. Moreover, my friends always watch international programs, which show different countries’ kids how to speak one word in their own languages. As a result he can say “good morning” in seven different languages. Watching TV enables us to learn a lot of things. On the other hand, there are many TV shows which have a negative effect on children to watching TV. However, parents are able to manipulate a TV show by modern technology. Consequently, kids are unable to watch the TV shows that have a bad effect on them.
For these and several other reasons, I totally disagree that watching TV has a bad effect on children because it is educational and provides us with new information that books don't provide.
9.     According to the poet, in the absence of TVs, the children would become more creative, physically sound and active, social, and happier.
10. Their exposure to books would benefit more than we could imagine. Books are the treasures of varied source of knowledge and information. Reading adventurous stories and fairy tales not only entertains them but also provides them real life experiences about the richness of the natural and human world.
11. The given lines best sum up the central theme of the poem that children should never, never be allowed to watch television. Parents should not encourage them by installing TVs at their homes. They should, instead, persuade their children to read books. TV, according to the speaker, is a real idiotic tool.

Story: The Fun They Had
Find the facts
1.     She wrote about the outdated printed book that she found at the attic of her house.
2.     No.
3.     Its yellow and crinkly pages with the words that were fixed. The pages were not moving as in the telebooks.
4.     At her own house. No.
5.     History and geography.
6.     i)      a programmed computer       
        ii)     a machine driven examiner    
        iii)     an online book which can be browsed using internet
Words in use
7.     Find the words from the text that mean the same as:
i) crinkly           ii) attic             
iii) special         iv) slot             
v) county inspector
Explore the text
8.     They had mechanical teachers.
9.     i)      With the help of computer.
        ii)     With the help of teachers.
        iii)     Various answers.
10.   Possible answer: I would tell her about all the fun and pleasures in going to school and studying in group in the class, playing together, and sharing of happiness and sorrows of life. 
11.   Their differences are given below:

School Teacher
Mechanical Teacher
A person
A machine
Teaches to group
Teaches individual
Flexible
Rigid
Less informed
More informed
Provides feedback with necessary instructions
Provides only scores
Psychological treatment to students
Not concerned

12.   She hated school because after reading the book she learnt about the joys and fun that students had in the past. Unlike the present (Margie's) schools she could study with her friends and her teacher would help her in her studies. Besides, she could get opportunity to experience the value of friends and family.
Style and Technique
13.   Turn this extract into indirect speech. Use at least 3 different reporting verbs.
(i)     Margie said that her father knew as much as her teacher.
        Margie insisted that ...............................
        Margie opined that ................................
(ii)    She said that a man couldn't know as much a s a teacher.
        She explained that ………………………
        She claimed that ………………………..
(iii)   She said that he knew almost as much Ibetcha.
        She asserted that ………………………..
        She exclaimed that ………………………..
14.   “…a big screen on which all the lessons were shown and the questions were asked.” This is an example of passive voice. Turn it into the active voice. Why, in your opinion, was passive voice used?
        The mechanical teacher showed all the lessons and asked the questions on a big screen.
OR
        A big screen showed all the lessons and asked the questions.
        The passive voice has been used here because the agent is already understood.
Grammar (Transformation )
A.     Choose the best alternatives and complete the following sentences.
1.     there is a post office near here
2.     He has not finished.
3.     comes
4.     Did he
5.     doesn't drive
6.     Do
7.     she didn't spend
8.     you'd better not write
9.     It has some sense
10.  Did
11.   try
12.   get
13.   never
14.   'The carpenter repaired the furniture very nicely.' The 'How' question of this statement is: How has the carpenter repaired the furniture?
B.     We often make errors while using words in language. Select the correct word/s that fit in the following sentences.
1. know                2. equipments      3. at        
4. an                    5. as

Novella: The Canterville Ghost
Chapter IV: A Quieter Ghost
After you read
1.     They still make the ghost angry.
2.     The twins play a trick on him.
3.     The ghost is afraid of the twins.
4.     Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the adjective and sometimes the adverb.
i.      The ghost wanted to frighten the twins enormously. He thought they would get an enormous fright.
ii.      The house was very quiet. The ghost crept around the house quietly.
5.     Find a word in the text for each of the definitions given below.
i. night             
ii. chain           
iii. floor            
iv. American    
v. twins

Creative time (Reading Survey)
Help students to give their own appropriate answers.

Listening (London)
A.     Tick the correct options.
1.     4 centuries                              
2.     United Kingdom      
3.     it's very dry
4.     publishing
B.     Now answer the following questions.
a.     London has been the largest city in Europe for four centuries.
b.     Dry, cloudy and rainy.
c.     It rains every other day.
d.     printing, publishing.


UNIT - 5: Nature and Environment
Poem: One Day
Find the facts
1.     He wandered by the woods, fields and rivers.
2.     He went to a bird reserve.
3.     We'll have to pay for the tickets and stay in a long queue.
4.     Humans will destroy all the forest, vegetation and wildlife.
5.     Read the following extract of the poem and answer the questions.
i.      The word 'book' in the above lines is: a verb
ii.      The sense perceptions the words 'watch' and 'hear' evoke to are: hearing and sight
Explore the text
6.     Yes, the speaker is a nature lover.  He seems concerned about the deteriorating state of nature and wild animals at present. He is fond of visiting the reserves and zoos.
7.     Yes.
8.     To a bird reserve.
9.     Identify the tense of the verbs underlined in the following lines.
(i)     One youthful day I wandered by …- simple past
(ii)    I'll have to book, and park ……- future past
(iii)   We will have lost them, ……- future perfect

Story: Growing a Son
Find the Facts
1.     He grew up playing with delicious fruits and vegetables in the fields and orchards.
2.     His world was filled with the smells and sounds and tastes of the farm.
3.     The foods served in the school were mostly junk and unhealthy foods where as the foods eaten at Arohan's home were organic and healthy ones.
4.     Mostly home made foods like chapattis, vegetable curry, etc.
5.     He realized the importance of naturally grown foods. He also realized the need of farming in our lives.
Words in use
6.     Find the words from the above text as indicated below.
i.      garden with fruits (synonym) para.2 - orchards
ii.      co-operate (antonym) para. 5 - rebel
iii.     made impure (synonym) para. 6 - messed with
iv.     forgot (antonym) para. 7 - recalled
7.     The adjectives are: fresh, uncanny, white, genetic, organic, modern.
Explore the text
8.     He was brought up as a farm boy amidst vegetable, fruits and crops.
9.     The son's reply was that organic foods contain some sacred power which could not be found in foods sold in the market.
10.   The lines are: He ate at Pizza Hut and spent his spare time hanging out in shopping centers and video arcades.
11.   Yes. He knew that foods didn't need to be dowsed with chemical poison or shot up with gamma rays or have genetically modified.
12.   The teacher should first show students some examples of how tense transformation is done. Then slowly give them freedom top do it by themselves.
13.   It helped him adopt natural natural lifestyle against superficial one. The line: Simple living, high thinking, best fits here.
14.   It means, finally, the son's childhood fascination with the natural worlds aroused in him and he realized the real value of village foods and lifestyle.  
Grammar (Tense)
A.     Copy the following questions in your notebook and complete the sentences choosing the right alternatives.
1.     hasn't gone                  2.     had left
3.     is coming                     4.     had
5.     floats                            6.     have done
7.     is doing                       8.     drives
9.     prefers                         10.   has already gone
11.   had painted                 12.   was looking
13.   will have completed     14.   reached
B.     Put the verb in brackets in the correct simple past form. Note that some of these verbs are REGULAR and some are IRREGULAR.
                Emily Carr, British Columbia's most famous artist, ..........was.............. (be) born in 1871.  Her  parents  ...........died........... (die)  when  she  was  still  a  teenager.  She ...........studied.......... (study) art in San Francisco and Paris, but when she ..........came............ (come) back to Victoria, she .............kept....... (keep) a house called "The House of All Sorts", where she .........was.......... (be) the landlady. Many years later, she ...... ....began...... (begin) painting again. To find subjects for her paintings, she............took...... .........(take) trips into the forests of British Columbia, and she often ..........met........(meet) with the First Nations people and .........painted........ (paint) them  too.  Emily  Carr  also...........wrote...............(write)  several  books,  and  she ...........won............... (win) the Governor General's Award for one of them.

Novella : The Canterville Ghost
Chapter V: Conversation with a Ghost
After you read
1.     His wife's brothers didn't give him anything to eat.
2.     The ghost used Virginia's paints to renew the stain.
3.     no
4.     i. Virginia said, "I am sorry for you".
ii. Virginia asked the ghost, "Are you hungry? "
iii. The ghost said, "My wife was not very nice."
5.     rude - kind
        happy – sad , unhappy
        husband - wife
        everything – nothing
        full - empty      
Creative Time (Book Report)
        Students often read books of their choice. Ask students what book they have recently read and with the help of the given outline encourage them to write the repost of the book.
Listening (Hot Evening)
A.     Listen to the tape answer the following questions.
1.     a drink                    
2.     the power was out
3.     eight                       
4.     Jeremy                   
5.     vanilla
B.     Consult tape script at Page – 195

UNIT - 6  War and Violence
Poem : Fire and Ice
About the text
The speaker brings us into the middle of an argument between people who think the world will come to a fiery end and people who think the world will freeze. He could be talking about the literal end of the world, but he's also talking about the power that human beings have to harm or "destroy" one another.
The speaker's experience with romantic desire has taught him that passionate or "hot" emotions like love and lust would probably have the power to turn the earth into a big fireball. But he has also experienced the other extreme, and he knows that colder emotions like hate have great destructive power. Love gets all the publicity, but hate is the silent killer. It may not have the same grandeur as the fireball ending, but it'll do the trick.
Frost derived inspiration for "Fire and Ice" from "Inferno," one of the three divisions of Dante’s monumental epic poem, The Divine Comedy. Frost’s poem contains nine lines, an apparent representation of the nine circles of Dante's hell. "Fire and Ice" is a lyric poem of nine lines centering on destructive emotions.  The central theme of "Fire and Ice" is that human emotions are destructive when allowed to run amok. They can destroy a person morally; they can destroy him mentally and physically. Not frequently, unbridled emotions—such as those of an Adolf Hitler—can destroy entire countries and even threaten to destroy civilization itself. 
Find the facts
1.     That the world can be destroyed with 'fire' (desire) as well as 'ice' (hatred). Both.
2.     Probably greed, jealousy, revenge, etc.
3.     Desire and Hatred.
4.     That it too can destroy this world.
Explore the text
5.     Fire i.e. desire to harm others or do something wrong or destructive.
6.     The rhyme scheme of the following lines is given below:
But if it had to perish twice,                         (A)
I think I know enough of hate                     (B)
To say that for destruction ice                    (A)
Is also great                                                (B)
And would suffice.                                      (A)
7.     Side / favour
8.     Yes, Frost is right. When one is unable to control her desire, it can lead to destruction and disaster.
9.     The poet has tried to bring the difference between the fire and the ice, which represent two different kinds of people. According to the poet, the world can perish by fire and also by ice. Thus it can perish twice-one by fire and then by ice. The poet feels that the ice of hatred is as powerful as the fire of desire to bring complete end of this world.
Story: The Sniper
About the text
The Sniper' is a short story written by Liam O'Flaherty. The story is about a civil war taking place in Dublin. The Sniper' is the main character, and is hiding on the rooftop of a building near to O'Connel Bridge. The war is between the Free states and the Republicans. The sniper is on the side of the Republicans.
        An IRA sniper, stationed on a Dublin rooftop near O`connell bridge, watches an armored car of Irish Free State soldiers. When an old woman wearing a tattered shawl over her head points out his position to the armored car, he shoots the woman and one of the soldiers to drive them away, only to be attacked by another sniper. With his arm shot and unable to hold his rifle, the protagonist tricks the other sniper into shooting his cap. He then lets his rifle drop to the street below, thus making the other sniper believe he has killed the protagonist. As the Free State sniper begins to leave, the IRA sniper shoots him dead with a revolver. Curious as to the identity of his enemy, the sniper crosses over to the other's body and turns it over, only to discover it is that of his brother. However, it is not revealed if the man whom he shot is his biological brother, or if it is a metaphor.
The Ironic Ending
        The story ends ironically when the IRA sniper realizes that the enemy he killed was his own brother. But there are larger ironies here: first, that all of the sniper’s Free State enemies are his brothers, for they had been comrades in arms fighting for the same cause; second, that all men are brothers as descendants of Adam and Eve. When they fight, they become Cain and Abel. No doubt, the IRA sniper wonders about the identities of the turret gunner, the old woman, and the person manning the machine gun. 
Characters
IRA Sniper: Man posted on a roof in Dublin.
Opposing Sniper: Enemy gunman posted on a roof across from the IRA sniper.
Turret Gunner: Man shot by the IRA sniper.
Old Woman: Informer who betrays the position of the IRA sniper to the turret gunner.
Unseen Machine Gunner: Person who fires at the IRA sniper after the latter leaves the roof.
Themes 
War reduces human beings to mere objects. They have no names, no faces. They are targets, nothing more, to be shot at from a distance. To support this theme, O’Flaherty refrains from naming any of his characters. 
War knows no boundaries—age, sex, location, time of day, family ties. The IRA sniper is a young man, and the informer is an old woman. The fighting takes place in the heart of a city after sundown. The IRA sniper unwittingly shoots and kills his own brother.
Find the facts
1.     Civil war is a war between organized groups within the same nation state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries. created The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.
2.     One who gives information about others is an informer.
3.     pitter-patter, hiss, quack
4.     The gray monster was the enemy approaching him in a car.
5.     This means he would escape from there before the sun rise.
6.     falling wood
        falling rock
        while dancing
7.     He laughed at his nervousness and fear. He doesn't seem so seroius or stubborn but relaxed and humorous.
Words in use
8.     What do the following words mean in the context of the story? Choose the correct answer.
(i)     field-glasses - binoculars
(ii)    draught - a sip or gulp
(iii)   retired - left, gone away
(iv)  remorse - a feeling of shame and guilt
9.     No, into and onto refer location with action in motion where as in and on simply indicate the location. Students will make sentences themselves.
Explore the text
10.   The main character of the story is a patriotic person. He is a freedom fighter. The author does not pin point the main character or name him. He means the main character of the story represents all people in the country who struggle for their freedom, rights and independence.
11. The situation is quite challenging, risky and dangerous because he could be killed at any time. The sniper seems to be cautious and careful about the risks to come.
12.   His life is threatened due to the brutal killing of men with gun. The threat is obviously an external one because he is being attacked by his enemies.
13.   When the gray monster approaches him in a car.
14.   In the end he realizes that war is useless and destructive because he happens to kill his own brother for the sake his life.
15.   Can have multiple answers from the students.

Grammar (Direct and Indirect Speech)
A.     Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
a.     She thanked me. '
b.     She offered to bring me tea.
c.     He suggested me to meet at the Ratna Park.
d.     He commanded Ram to lie down.
e.     She forbade us to make noise.
f.      She advised Ram to hurry up.
g.     She requested me to send her a letter.
B.     Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a.      she was reading a novel
b.     Don't make a noise.
c.     where his father was
d.     he had finished homework
e.     Where do you come from?
f.      has been
g.     why he went to school

Novella : The Canterville Ghost
Chapter VI: Where is Virginia?
After you read
1.     At midnight.
2.     To a skeleton.
3.     An old tree has blossoms.
4.     Rewrite the sentences. Use reported speech.
i.      The servant said (that) he could not find her.
ii.      The boy said (that) the tree had blossoms.
iii.     Virginia said (that) she had been with the ghost.
5.     Find a word in the text for each definition given below.
        a meal eaten in the evening = dessert
a household with parents and children = family
come back = return
go away = leave
Listening (The Spanish Village)    
A.     1-b; 2-c; 3-a; 4-b; 5-a
B.     d; a; b; f; c; e.
C.    Answer the questions.
1.     They exam and clear their boats.
2.     …...at 6 o’clock
3.     ...…on the beach
D.    Because they always got to eat fresh fish (not the dead ones).

UNIT – 7 : Supernatural
Poem: Midnight Wood
Find the facts
1.     Deep in the woods, at midnight, what we can see are mist, moonlight, stars, clouds, and hunch-backed shadows flitting from tree to tree.
2.     In the woods at midnight, the only thing we can hear is a light wind blowing, and the fronds, ferns, and grass rustling in the wind and as you brush past them.
3.     In the woods there is a river. The river hides many things we can't see, such as otters, water-rats, old tin cans, bones of fish, and bones of a man.
4.     In the woods, in the dead of night, lone owl babies call the passerby.
5.     (i)     the noise that creates fear
        (ii)    objects having shape like lumps sticking out
Explore the text
6.     a warning
7.     dies
8.      to create the atmosphere of horror and death.
9.      Various answers
10.   a b c c b
11.   First stanza:  Deep in the woods, at midnight, what we can see are mist, moonlight, stars, clouds, and hunch-backed shadows flitting from tree to tree. 
        Second stanza: In the woods at midnight, the only thing we can hear is a light wind blowing, and the fronds, ferns, and grass rustling in the wind and as you brush past them.
        Third stanza: In the woods there is a river. The river hides many things we can't see, such as otters, water-rats, old tin cans, bones of fish, and bones of a man.
        Fourth Stanza: In the woods, in the dead of night, lone owl babies call. What they cry sounds like a warning - whether you choose the wood or the river, whoever comes in these woods are lost forever, and may die.

Story : The Selfish Giant

About the text
        This is the story of a giant who returns to his home after many years to discover that children have been using his garden to play in. This upsets the giant, who erects a wall to keep the children out. The cold winter refuses to give in to the brilliance of spring without the children.
        One day, the giant notices sunshine coming in through his window. He discovers that children have crawled through a hole in the wall, entered the garden and climbed into the trees, making them blossom. In the farthest corner of the garden, the giant notices one little boy who is crying because he cannot climb up into a tree. The giant helps the boy up and discovers that his life is much more pleasant this way. The children once again enjoy the garden and springtime fills the giant’s yard. The story ends with the passing of the elderly giant, who lies under a tree in his garden
covered with blossoms.
Find the facts 
1.     The Giant is called selfish, because he did not allow children to play in the garden. He built a high walls around the garden. He also put up notice board with a warning on it.
2.     There was still winter in the Giant’s garden. The trees and flowers didn’t blossom. No birds sang in it. It had snow, frost, North wind and hail, snow covered up the grass. There was no happiness in the garden.
3.     The Giant felt very sad, he was surprise to see this condition of his lovely garden. Neither flowers nor birds could be seen there.
4.     A little linnet singing outside the Giant’s window. Hail stopped dancing and North stopped making noise. He felt sweet scent coming from the window, to the Giant, it was the most beautiful music in the world.
5.     The Giant quietly went towards the little boy and taking up in his hands, picked him up and put him into the tree.
Explore the text
6.     One day the Giant was surprised to see the children sitting on the tree branches of his garden. The trees hail blossoms. They waved their branches children’s head. The birds were singing, flowers were moving here and there with joy. It was a beautiful sight. The Giant realised that he had been very selfish he knew why the spring would not come to his garden. He would also knock down the wall.
7.     The Giant saw a little boy standing in farthest corner of the garden. He was wandering about and crying bitterly. There was still winter in that corner because there was no boy sitting on the branch of that tree. When the Giant helped the little boy in climbing up the tree, it became full of blossoms at once.
8.     One day the Giant saw that the children had entered his garden by making a hole in his walls. They were sitting on the free branches. The little boy was weeping. The Giant too him gently, he put him up into the tree. The tree broke at once into blossom. The birds flew up around the garden. The boy kissed him. This was the first meeting between the Giant and the little boy.
9.     In the second meeting the Giant saw the little boy. He had kissed the Giant in his first meeting. He went to close to him. Suddenly, the Giant got angry to see the little boy’s palms and feet wounded. He said that he would kill the person who had wounded you. But the little boy replied that his wounds were of love. He at once fell on his feet, the child smiled.
10.   The sentence indicates the Giant lay dead, all covered with white blossoms. The Giant had been blessed with paradise after his death. The Giant is no longer selfish and cruel. That’s why he is covered with white blossoms. White colour is a symbol of shanty (peace).
11.   The Giant’s heart melted. He decided to break down the wall of his garden. He really felt very sorry for his selfish act.
12.   The marks of nails on the little child’s hands and feet remind us of the incident of Jesus Christ’s Crucifixion. Jesus Christ was hanged to death. He was tortured. Nails were fixed by the Jews on his palms and feet against a wall. It is here the Giant met Christ in the guise of a child.
The reason is that Jesus wanted to teach Giant the lesson of love towards the children. The Giant became kind to the children at the end and was blessed and he would take him to his paradise.
13.   They can make as they desire.
Grammar (Voice)
A.     Study the following sentences. Then state whether they are in active voice or passive voice.
        (a) Active                         (b) Active
        (c) Passive                       (d) Passive
B.     Change the following sentences into passive voice.
i.      Our duty must be done.
ii.      A new house is being built by them.
iii.     A large number of people is employed by this company.
iv.     Munamadan was written by Devkota.
v.     Which house has he bought?
vi.     A tree is being cut.
vii.    Who is she loved by?
viii.   Why had I been called?
C.    Change the following sentences into active voice.
i.      They promised us higher wages.
ii.      Shakespeare. wrote Hamlet.
iii.     They didn't damage the furniture, luckily.
iv.     He posted the letter a week ago.
v.     They elected him the president of NRN.
vi.     Don't tease me.
vii.    Why did she buy these computers?
viii.  No one can count teh stars in the sky.

Novella: The Canterville Ghost
Chapter VII: The Funeral
After you read
1.     They bury it in the churchyard.
2.     Yes
3.     Because he has shown her what Life, Death and Love means.
4.     Join the nouns, use the possessive case of nouns. Sometimes you have to use 's and sometimes you have to use … of …
i.      Virginia's jewels
ii.      Sir Simon's grave
iii.     a corner of the churchyard
iv.     her husband's question
v.  t  he strength of love
5.     Unscrample the following words.
rceeyomn = ceremony            
viralar = arrival                        
chachrydur = churchyards      
contear = ancestor
monoyhone= honeymoon
Novella: The Canterville Ghost
Revision Exercise
Chapter 1
1.     Why did Hiram B. Otis receive negative reactions after he decided to buy Canterville Chase?
Þ    Because the house was haunted.
2.     What event happened on the spot where Mrs Otis noticed the bloodstain?
Þ    It was the blood of Lady Eleanore de Canterville. She was murdered by her husband, Sir Simon the Canterville, in 1575.

Chapter 2
3.     What was the noise which awakened Mr Otis?
Þ    A clanking noise that came from the Ghost's chains.
4.     Was Mr Otis scared at seeing the Ghost? Explain your answer.
Þ    No , he didn't make a move he only have the Ghos a Lubricartor to put some oil on his chains to lessen the noise that had awoke him.
5.     What was the connection between Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator and Mr Otis' sleep?
Þ    If the Ghost put the Lubricator he wouldn't do any noise anymore and then Mr. Otis could sleep.
6.     Why did the Ghost throw the bottle violently against the floor?
Þ    Because he was indignated , he hadn't scared anyone.
7.     Why did the Ghost want to take revenge?
Þ    Because he had terrorised during his brilliant career and now he had been insultated.

Chapter 3
8. Who wasn't amused by the changing of the bloodstain colour? How did she react?
Þ    Virginia was alwas upset and almost cried the morning that it was emerald green.
9.     What did the Ghost see near Washington's room? Describe it.
Þ    He saw a hoorrible, motionless ghost in front of him, red light shone from its eyes and it had a demonic smile frozen on tits face, and trere was fire inside its mouth.

Chapter 4
10.   What did the twins do to the Ghost when he appeared as the Headless Earl?
Þ    They prepared the door with a bucket of water that fell on him.
11.   What did Mr Otis write to Lord Canterville?
Þ    He informed him of the disappearance of the ghost.

Chapter 5
12.   Why didn't Virginia run to her room when she saw the Ghost in the Tapestry Chamber?
Þ    Because she felt sorry for him.
13.   How had the Ghost made the bloodstain reappear?
Þ    He had stolen Virginia's paintings because he couldn't find real blood.
14.   What did the Ghost want Virginia to help him to do?
Þ    He wanted her to ast the Angel of the Death to be forgiven, he hadt to cry for his sins, pray for his soul.
Chapter 6
15.   How long was Virginia missing before she was found?
Þ    She was missing from afternoon tea time until midnight.
16.   What did the blossoming of the almond tree mean?
Þ    Meant that God had forgiven the ghost

Chapter 7
17.   Why didn't Lord Canterville accept the jewels?
        Because he thought that the ghost may come again to torment him and to thank Virginia.

Creative Time: Using Synonyms
Circle the two words in each sentence that are synonyms.
1.     shiny – bright                   2.     filthy -  dirty    
3.     leaped -  jumped             4.     noisy -  loud
5.     gang – crowd                  6.     listen – hear    
7.     bleak – gloomy                8.     normal - regular
9.     tiny – miniature                10.   speak – talking
11.   hard - difficult                  12.   walked - strolled
13.   throw – toss                    14.   ate – devoured
15.   way – path                       16.   little - small
17.   sad – unhappy                 18.   big – large

Listening: The Cat and the Mouse 1 & 2
Play the cassete or read the tape script at your students' pace and make them listen carefully to the story, and let them complete the text.
UNIT – 8 : Family and Kinship
Poem: My Sister's Birthday
Find the facts
1.     It is the speaker's sister's birthday.
2.     Because it is a special occasion for both of them as it is the poet's sister's birthday.
3.     They both played, baked cake, read stories, danced and sang songs, etc.
4.     Both of them are young or children.
5.     They celebrated the birthday very happily and cheerfully.
6.     The last lines of the poem read:
        We danced and we sang songs,
        We had the best afternoon,
        I'm so glad we can do it again,
        As it's my birthday very soon!
(i)     They can celebrate again the poet's birthday which will soon be coming.
(ii)    Because it's his birthday soon.
(iii)   Glad
(iv)  Afternoon
Explore the text
7.     I happily take part in the birthday celebration and wish their longevity and prosperity. I provide them with gifts and good wishes.
8.     Can have multiple answers.
9.     Encourage students to express their own experience.
10.   Various answers may be acceptable.

Story : Two Birthdays
Find the facts
1.     When he woke up he found a new scooter, and a football.
2.     There were two similar toy cars and two similar footballs.
3.     A book about racing car.
4.     He chose the one which was slightly crumpled and had a stain on the sleeve.
5.     The guests had little food.
Words in use
6.     Will said this statement.
7.     Thrice
8.     Identical
9.     Compound word
Explore the text
10.   Because the guests didn't finish their foods.
11.   Various answers.
12.   Because the boy realized that it's not so fun celebrating the same day twice!
13.   'He' refers to Sam. Because it was his birthday. The word 'greeted' in the above line means 'Wished'.
14.   That it can travel in time.
15.   Students' answers will vary.
16.   Study the following extracts from the text and answer the questions given.
a.     Because the speaker expresses his surprise in the sentence.
b.     Because it is said by mum and is in direct speech.
c.     Different punctuation marks used in the story are: Full stop (.), Question Marks (?), Exclamation mark (!) , Inverted comma("   "), Comma (,), Apostrophe('),
Grammar: Verbs
A.     Choose the best answer from the following alternatives.
a. sheep                  b. is                  c. has      
d. have                    e. yourself        f. is
g. has                      h. vary             i. is          
j. the fifteen year      k. yourself        l. were    
m. has                     n. were                           
B.     Rewrite the following senteces correctly.
a.     The data is incorrect.
b.     The fish are swimming. ('fishes' also possible when the speaker means 'different species)
c.     The team of players is playing.
d.     The people are destroying the forest.

Drama: The Death of the Hired Man 

About the text

A farm wife, Mary pleads with her husband, Warren, to take back a former farmhand who has always disappointed him. The farmhand, Silas, is very ill, and Mary is convinced that he has returned to the farm to die. Warren has not seen Silas in his ill state and, still angry over the contract that Silas broke when them in the past, does not want to have Silas on his property. Mary’s compassionate urging eventually convinces him, but when Warren goes to get Silas, he is already dead.
This drama which is an adaptation from Frost's poem contains many of the stereotypical characteristics of Frost’s poetry, particularly the rural environment, the everyday struggle of the farm couple over their relationship to the farmhand, and the colloquial dialogue.
In the poem, Frost outlines the traditions of duty and hard work that he explores in many of his other poems. Silas returns to the farm so that he can fulfill his broken contract to Warren and die honorably, having fulfilled his duty to the family and to the community. Silas’ return to the farm also signals the importance of the work that he performed on the farm as a way to give his life meaning and satisfaction. Silas does not have any children or close family to provide a sense of fulfillment in his last hours; only the sense of duty and the satisfaction of hard work can provide him with comfort.
Ironically, even after Silas’ attempt to die in the companionship of Mary and Warren, the people whom he views as family more than any others, he ultimately dies alone. Moreover, he dies without ever fulfilling his contract to ditch the meadow and clear the upper pasture. For all his attempts to fulfill his duty, achieve satisfaction through hard work, and find a sense of family, Silas’ efforts are unsuccessful. Even the way in which his death is introduced expresses its bleak isolation: Warren merely declares, “Dead.”
The drama also creates a clear dichotomy between Mary and Warren, between Mary’s compassionate willingness to help Silas and Warren’s feelings of resentment over the broken contract. Mary follows the model of Christian forgiveness that expects her to help Silas because he needs it, not because he deserves it. Warren, on the other hand, does not believe that they owe anything to Silas and feels that they are not bound to help him.
It is interesting to note that, of the two, only Mary actually sees Silas over the course of the poem. She finds him huddled against the barn and instantly recognizes the extent of his illness. As a result, she is automatically more willing to be compassionate toward him. Having not seen Silas in his current state, Warren takes the more rational view of the situation. Had Warren found Silas first, his treatment of the former farmhand would no doubt have been more compassionate.
Scene - I
After you read
1.     Husband and wife
2.     Sitting musing in the room
3.     A servant
4.     Sailas. To live and work with them.
5.     He is old.
6.     No. Warren never liked him because he was so old and useless for farm work.
7.     At their home by the stove.             
8.     Winter. He has no place to live in.

Creative time: Puzzling Poetry
Down
1.     narrative poem, usually in short stanzas - BALLAD
2.     highly structured five line poem - CINQUAIN
3.     Japanese verse from with five lines - TANKA
4.     mildly witty, pseudobiographical verse of four lines of varying length - CERIHEW
6.     an orderly description of events - NARRATIVE
7.     Japanese verse from with three lines – HAIKU
Across
2.     repetitive singsong utterance - CHANT
4.     two rhyming consecutive lines of verse - COUPLET
5.     poem of 14 lines written to a regular rhyme - SONNET
8.     five lined nonsense verse - LIMERICK
9. f   our line stanza – QUATRAIN

Listening : Message
a.     See the listening script Page – 196
b.     Listen to the tape again and tick the correct answer.
1.     What is the name of the caller?
A. Nick            
B. Nate           
C. Neil
        2.     According the girl, her father:
A. is not home.
B. is on another line.
C. can't come to the telephone.
        3.     What is the man's telephone number?
A. 598-7482    B. 587-4728    C. 589-7248
        4.     The man tells the girl:
A.  that he will call again sometime after 7:00 PM.
B.     to ask her father to call him later.
C.    that he will drop by around 8:30 PM.
        5.     What does the girl refuse to tell the caller?
A. her age      
B. her name   
C.her address
UNIT- 9: Gender and Equality

Poem: Attraction to Beauty

About the poem
        This poem is a discussion on beauty. It begins with the question of speaker to those people who can think and evaluate what is good and what is bad. First, the speaker argues that beauty cannot be expressed and exposed in the way we dress, stress, obsess and invest ourselves. It is also not in the way we curl hair, shorten dress, paint face, and bat eyes.
        Rather we have to seek beauty in soul. Beauty is found in an idea, an art, a lesson, progression when we sing, shout, dance, and mold, create. It allows us to seek, find, wonder and decide. Beauty is the Nobility. Beauty is found in your expression, your question, suggestion.  Beauty is what your soul yearns for, burns for, concerns for. Beauty is the Creator. Through this discussion, the poem gives us the moral message that real beauty lies in inner beauty and chastity of soul and positive attitudes of life.
Find the facts
1.     The poet is asking the questions about beauty to those people who have minds to know and ears to hear.
2.     No, it isn't.
3.     According to the poet, we find beauty in an idea, an art, a lesson and progression.
4.     The word ‘Beauty' is a refrain in the given stanza because it is repeated thrice in the above extract.
Explore the text
5.     The given lines in the poem best express this theme:
                ‘Beauty is the Nobility you feel inside when you open your mind; when you see the majesty and diversity in the stars and the flowers; when you enjoy the fruits of your creative showers.
                Beauty is found in your expression, your question, suggestion. Your confession: I am a beautiful soul.’
6.     No the poet does not agree with statement because this statement focuses at sensual or physical beauty. Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder means it is based on the perception, sensual perception of viewer. Different from this, the poet’s argument is the thing of beauty is always the thing of pleasure. It is because beauty is related to our soul or inner spiritual perfection.
Story: Never Trust a Lady
Find the facts
1.     To the movies
2.     Denby was worried not to leave any fingerprints.
3.     He promised not to rob again.
4.     The young woman said that she had forgotten the safe key.
5.     He hated prison because of the food, the lack of exercise and the ugly worn-out books in the prison library.
6.     Complete the sentences according to the story.
(i)     he couldn’t afford rare books
(ii)    giving his cigarette lighter to the woman
(iii)   one hour
(iv)   a woman of sixty
7.     Put these sentences in a logical order according to the story.
Ans: (c) 3,2,4,1
8.     Change the following direct speech into indirect speech
i.      Horace told her that he thought he had been trying to frighten her when he had said that.
ii.      Horace suggested her that it would be nice if she would forget she had ever seen him and let him go.
iii.     Horace smiled that he was not a man who threatened society. He stole only from those who had a lot of money. He stole for a very good reason. And he hated the thought of prison.
iv.     She told him that he was really afraid of going to prison.
v.     She had always liked the wrong king of people that she said.
Explore the text
9.     Find the right explanation
(i)     the young lady was a wife of the owner of the house
(ii)    not to leave his fingerprints
(iii)   there were his fingerprints everywhere in the room
10.   Horace Denby was a skilled and successful lock maker. He minded his business, earned a good reputation and lived peacefully. He was not completely honest because he used to rob a safe every year to get more money to buy rare and expensive books.
11.   When Horace was inside the house, a lady came there. Horace thought that she was the lady of the house. In fact she was also a thief like him. She tricked him and took away all the jewels. Poor Horace had to go to prison as he forgot to wear his gloves.
12.   It means that even the thieves have their codes of conduct. They do not cheat one another. They divide their booty honestly. The lady in red lacked the honor of thieves. She not only betrayed Horace by not dividing the jewels but also sent him to the prison.
13.   Horace Danby was a good and respectable but not completely honest. By profession he was a lock maker. He used to rob a safe every year to buy rare and expensive books. His latest target was the safe at Shot Over Grange. He made thorough preparation for his venture. He collected information about the family, servant, entry points and electric paths. But he had hard luck this time. His hay fever made him sneeze. It attracted a young lady downstairs who was also a burglar. She was confident, commanding and had a good convincing tactics. She pretended to be the mistress of the house. She tricked Horace into submitting to her will. She first made him open the safe without wearing gloves and then reported against him to the police. Horace was arrested. After that he became angry at the mention of the phrase ‘the honor among thieves’ because the young lady broke the ethics among the thieves.

Grammar: Connectives
A.
a.     however 
b.     as
c.     while
d.     Because of
e.     since
f.      in case
g.     although
h.     Gopi, .....whose.......... house was robbed last night, didn't come to work today.
i.      ......Whether...... she informed me or not, I would go to the programme.
j.      who
k.     where
l.      Even though
m.    who
n.     In spite of
Drama: The Death of the Hired Man
(Scene – II)
After you read
1.     No.
2.     He seemed weak and wary and difficult to be recognized. No, because of change in his looks.
3.     Yes, taken him to house, gave him tea and smoke.
4.     No. He did not exhibit drunken behavior.
5.     to ditch the meadow.
6.     Harold is a servant boy who worked for them four years ago. He is now teaching in a college.
7.     Latin. It is compared with Violin.
8.     Silas. She means that he will die.
Understanding
9.     Silas and Harold.
10.   He was a good worker.
11.   Yes.
12.   Theory without practice or experience is incomplete. Though Silas wasn't educated, he was a skilled farm worker.

Creative Time: Parts of a Book
Across
3.     subject matter of a book - text
5.     list of references at the end of a book - bibliography
7.     additional information supplementing the text - appendix
8.     international standard book number - ISBN
Down
1.     inscription in a books in someone's honor - dedication
2.     an explanatory section of a book - introduction
4.     exclusive right of ownership given to an author - copyright
6.     gives an alphabetical listing of book contents - index

Listening (A Visit to a Zoo)
œ Note for correction: Read the listening script as ..
Amy:    I just went to the zoo this weekend, Marni.
Marni: Really?
Amy:    What, you don’t like the zoo?
Marni: Ugh.
Amy:    Don’t you like exotic animals and getting to see things you ordinarily wouldn’t get to see, because they usually only exist in the wild?
Marni: I appreciate exotic animals in natural habitats. The zoo, it just seems so cruel. I mean you’re just there on display. And I just don’t know, I want to see them in their natural habitat in the wild, not domesticated in captivity.
Amy:    OK, but I think at the zoo, for one thing, you can have a much more personal experience with the animals. And also there are some animals who wouldn’t survive if, you know, if their species wasn’t kept alive in zoos. I mean, animals that have been hunted or poached. The zoo is the only way to keep them going.
Marni: Well, you know, I know that some zoos do do a good job. I just, I feel like I’ve been to the zoo too many times where they’re not kept up well, and the animals are just depressed and they’re exhibiting behaviors that are not natural to them. It just can be really depressing. So I know it’s a good opportunity for some people to go and see animals that they wouldn’t normally get to see, and I believe that it’s educational, so I like that aspect. But ultimately, it’s hard for me not to find them depressing.
Amy:    I understand.
A.     Listen to the tape and answer the following questions.
1.     sad
2.     in the wild
3.     They let you have a personal experience with the animals.
4.     wouldn't survive
5.     depressing

UNIT – 10 : Love and Patriotism
Poem: Patriotism
Find the facts
1.     Wealth
2.     Those who do not love their country will not be honored.
3.     They will die physically and also be forgotten.
4.     focused on, concerned with
5.     Loved his homeland.
Explore the text
6.     The main theme of this poem is one's love towards nation. The poet says that a man must be patriotic toward his native land otherwise he will die twice once even he is living and once physically. At the time of his dead no one will be with him. He will be helpless, and this man will have no feelings at all. The poet has truly given a good sense of patriotism that if a man is not patriotic towards his nation his all pelf and his power are useless. He is like a dog at the streets with no feelings at all. At last the main core of this poem is that one should always be patriotic towards his nation and he should never forget where he comes from even he reaches at a great height. Actually we must all be patriotic towards out country which gave birth to us and made us into this position.
7.     Unpatriotic and self centered persons die twice because they die and are easily forgotten by the people. They don't have value of life as well as death.   Patriotism is the greatest virtue. One dies when he forgets the country. Simply, although one is living physically, he is supposed to have died while forgetting the nation.
8.     Complete the following paragraph supplying the right words from the given box.
1. love                  2. conscience       3. strand 
4. minstrel            5.delight               6.boundless
7. wretched
9.     Yes. (Can have varied answers.)

Story: A Mother's Heart
Find the facts
1.     centre of the forest
2.     mother
3.     disaster
4.     loving
5.     heavy rain, thunder and lightning
6.     by keeping protected surrounding from all sides
Words in use
7.     Students are required to make their own
8.     a)     a loving mother -  para 1
b)     a terrible disaster- para 2
c)     sympathy to children- para 5
d)     death of mother- para 6
e)     children after mother's death- para 7
Explore the text
9.     four; mother and three daughters
10.   Mother said. To encourage and sympathize the children.
11.   Yes. Varied arguments from children.
12.   Yes, by keeping her at the center.
13.   Love, loyalty and kindness.
14.   Students are required to give their arguments.
15.   i.      The Mother Birch's great canopy of branches protected her daughters from wind and rain, and from the burning sun, too, during the hot summer.
ii.      The little birches trembled in fear.
iii.     Pouring rain and howling wind tried to fell the Mother Birch, but she stood firm.
iv.     My old trunk will grow covered with moss and grass, but my heart will never stop beating.
Grammar: Conditional Sentences
A.     Complete the following sentences supplying the correct form of verbs given in the brackets.
a.     had
b.     would have studied
c.     would have finished
d.     get
e.     would have phoned
f.      were
g.     is heated
h.     would buy
B.     Complete the following sentences choosing the best alternatives.
a.     find
b.     were
c.     would have
d.     will leave
e.     contact
f.      had studied
g.     work well
h.     were

Drama: The death of teh Hired Man
(Scene – III)
After you read
1.     Yes. He is old and useless person to work as the servant.
2.     To his brother's house. His brother did not accept him.
3.     15 miles away from there. He works in a bank.
4.     Because of the pride of being rich and able. He was proud, selfish and arrogant.
5.     No. Students can give their own argument.
6.     Pathetic condition of Silas. She is sympathetic lady.
7.     Because Silas was lying dead. They felt sad.
8.     Silas' accomplishment was stacking the hay perfectly, without stepping on it or anything.
9.     The character Silas in the play, "The Death of a Hired Man," is an elder man whom tries to redem his job again at the home of an old employer. He is the somewhat anatgonist of the story since he is the one that causes the commotion and the conflict in the play.
Creative Time: Literary terms
Short definitions of literary terms:
Allegory:                Allegory is a narrative having a second meaning beneath the surface one.
Ballad:    A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain.
Drama: Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.
Epic:       A long, serious poem that tells the story of a heroic figure.
Fable:     A short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral.
Limerick: A short sometimes bawdy, humorous poem of consisting of five anapaestic lines.
Ode:        A poem which is long and serious in nature written to a set structure.
Rhyme:   A rhyme has the repetition of the same or similar sounds at the end of two or more words most often at the ends of lines
Satire:     A form or style that uses elements of irony, redicule, exaggeration, understatement, sarcasm, humor or absurdity to criticize human behaviour or a  society.
Sonnet:  A poem of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter.
Listening: Strawberries
1.     interested
2.     looked up a pot in the gardening book
3.     changing how often he watered them
4.     Ben entered a plant-growing contest at school, learned all about growing strawberry plants, and won first place with his strawberry jar entry.
5.     entertain readers with an informative story
6.     If he won, he would give her the prize.
7.     Recipes

UNIT - 11 : Childhood and Adults
Poem: As I Grew Older
Find the facts
1.     wall of color discrimination
2.     saw the wall and touched the sky
3.     Break through the wall
4.     Images are:
A sun       –– power
Sky          –– high ambition
Shadow   –– to keep in domination
Wal          l–– discrimination
5.     The poet is pursuing his dream who is freedom lover and creative man.
6.     Yes
7.     The speaker is a victim of racism prevelant in his culture/society. So he feels sorry for being unable to rise up in his status or personality. Such a practice, the speaker opines, needs to be uprooted from every human society.
8.     No, it is the shadow of discrimination
Explore the text
9.     In my society, there exists the the wall of racial, communal, gender and economic discrimination.
10.   The teacher should let his students openly discuss about their dreams and expectations they hope to achieve/attain in future. Then let them compare theirs with the poem's speaker's.
11.   Let your students freely associate the ideas communicated in other poems with this poem's.
12.   No.
13.   Various answers.
14.   Read the following extract and answer the following questions.
a.     To shatter/end/destroy the descrimination taht arise from racial difference.
b.     Into a brightness or a thousand lights of sun.
c.     destroy
d.     i.      smash – shatter, break                   
        ii.      shadow – darkness, night
Story - The Story of an Hour
About the text
        Controversial for her themes of women’s freedom and sexuality, Kate Chopin is one of the major names in American Literature. Her short story “The Story of an Hour” demonstrates her mastery of this craft.
        Mrs. Mallard has just been informed that her husband, Brently Mallard, is dead. She is distraught at first, goes up to her room alone, and weeps. While sitting in a chair, looking out the window, Mrs. Mallard has a realization of newfound freedom, and is no longer so sad about her husband’s death.
        Now, Mrs. Mallard looks toward a future all her own. It isn’t that her husband was cruel or mean, it is just that she has not been able to live according to her own rules, and now she looks forward to a long, happy life of doing as she pleases. Then, right as she leaves her room, her husband walks through the door. Surprised, Mrs. Mallard has a heart attack and dies, ironically.
Characters
Louise Mallard -  A woman whose husband is reportedly killed in a train accident. When Louise hears the news, she is secretly happy because she is now free. She is filled with a new lust for life, and although she usually loved her husband, she cherishes her newfound independence even more. She has a heart attack when her husband, alive after all, comes home.
Brently Mallard -  Louise’s husband, supposedly killed in a train accident. Although Louise remembers Brently as a kind and loving man, merely being married to him also made him an oppressive factor in her life. Brently arrives home unaware that there had been a train accident.
Josephine -  Louise’s sister. Josephine informs Louise about Brently’s death.
Richards -  Brently’s friend. Richards learns about the train accident and Brently’s death at the newspaper office, and he is there when Josephine tells the news to Louise.
Find the facts
1.     She is Ms. mallard's sister. The news about her (Ms. Mallard) husband.
2.     Her life was just like a bird in a cage/jail.
3.     It was just running as in male dominated society. Yes, as a male chauvinist he might have mistreated her.
4.     Newspaper office
5.     No, as she was still young and beautiful. Children are also not mentioned.
6.     wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment.
7.     Change the given statements into question tag.
i.      wasn't it?
ii.      didn't she?
iii.     wasn't he?
iv.     isn't it?
v.     did she?
Explore the text
8.     Their married life was not going smooth. Mrs Mallard's expectations after marrying Mr Mallard were not seem to be fulfilled. Her reaction and long term response at the death of her husband justifies her unhappiness.
9.     Mrs. Mallard was psychologically tormented due to her failed married life. And she was eagerly waiting every time for complete freedom. Sudden news about death of her husband liberates her and obviously makes her to utter the line.
10.   Open window stands for her will to view the outside world freely and openly. Drifting the patches of cloud away also signifies the days of darkness and suffering removing away from her life.
11.   In fact she had died of sadness caused by the arrival of her husband. But probably male doctor ironically states she died of joy.
12.   Possible answer.
        Yes, it ends the way I had expected because unexpected sign of suffering after feeling of release from any long term problem cause the same result as happened in the story. 
Grammar : Causatives
Complete the following sentences with correct causative verbs.
1.     got                               2.     bought
3.     got                               4.     washed
5.     write                            6.     checked
7.     to invite                        8.     buy
9.     to bring                        10.   repair
11.   bought                         12.   do
Speech: The Green Club
Find the facts
1.     The above text is an example of a speech.
2.     The word anniversary in the text means the date when the Green Club was formed
3.     The Green Club was established in 2058.
4.     The documentary was about Wildlife in Western Terai. It was screened in February.
5.     He is a Secretary.
Explore the text
6.     The club has organized - talks by environmentalists, screening of films, environmental awareness programs, field trips, etc.
7.     Need to preserve endangered animal species, one-horn rhino.
8.     (i)     One-horned rhino.
        (ii)    Dr. Harka Gurung.
        (iii)   Dwindling.
9.     Dirty and polluted.
10.   Positive response
Creative time: Context clues
1.     book
2.     almost
3.     support
4.     developed
5.     important
6.     flourished
Listening: Renting Apartments
1.     a search for a new apartment
2.     It's located some distance from school.
3.     no more than $200
4.     an apartment with furniture already in it
5.     He is going to visit an apartment building near his place.

UNIT - 12 :
 Nepalese Culture and Perspectives
Poem: Crazy
Find the facts
1.     readers
2.     that he is insane
3.     flowers            
4.     (i)     Stones as flowers
        (ii)    rise up like mute maniacs
5.     No. The poet's higher level of understanding to the world.
Explore the text
6.     The then so called sane and educated class.
7.     Yes, of course. It is so because he has understood the level of so called hypocrisy of the then society. The line implies that 'they' are in fact the true idiot or insane, not ordinary and innocent people like him.
8.     Anti-metaphorical language of irony
9.     The speaker addresses his readers as friends to assume him as if he is really a lunatic, the fact, though, may not be so.

Essay: What I Saw that Day
Find the facts
1.     The weather described in the text is extremely hot.
2.     The speaker is a student.
3.     He opposes animal sacrifice.
4.     Let students spot and correct the mistakes by themselves.
5.     Give short answer to the following questions.
a.     five
b.     setting fire
c.     The male buffalo is going to be sacrificed.
d.     Because he could not kill the animal at his first attempt.
e.     pieces of meat instead of he-buffalo.
Explore the text
6.     foggy, misty and hazy. The weather suggests the tragic fate and nearing death of the buffalo. The writer regrets for human's brutal act to innocent animals.  It is really saddening.
7.     Cruel because he was killing the innocent animal to make his Goddess Devi happy. It is just for gratifying human interests.
8.     He was a theist because he believed that his failure to kill the buffalo at one strike would make the goddess angry.
9.     The sacrifice of the innocent creature terribly frightened him and he began sweating. It reflects the writer's mental disturbance and his emotional empathy to the poor buffalo.
10.   Students are expected to give their own arguments.
Grammar: Revision
A.     Rewrite the following sentences choosing the best alternative given in the brackets.
i.      an                            ii.      on
iii.     won't thsy                iv.     was
v.     heard                       vi.     are promised
vii.    although                  viii.   not to spend
ix.     runs                         x.     work
xi.     when                       xii.    to open
B.     Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below.
                Everyone is very careless......with......... money. One occasionally ......hears.........that small pet dogs or even small children have eaten bank notes.
                Goats .......are supposed........ to be particularly fond of them. In this respect, banks are ......a......... great blessing ......because......... we no longer have to hide money in places where it can easily be destroyed or stolen ....... However,.... accidents still happen-as I found to my cost recently. I gave my housekeeper .........an...... old pair of trousers to wash and ......went......... into  the  study  to  read. As  I  was  reading,  I  suddenly  remembered  that  there  was ......a........ five pound note in the back pocket. I dropped my book and rushed into the bathroom .......where........ I might have left it.
C.    Choose the correct alternatives to complete the following sentences.
1.     curvy                    2.     wet
3.     mean                   4.     noisy
5.     filthy                     6.     dry
7.     empty                 

Letter : A Letter from Gulf
Find the facts
1.     Prem has written to Ritu from Saudi Arab.
2.     Husband and wife
3.     His life is full of pain and suffering. He is sad.
4.     Fresh Himalayan breeze and the sweet melody of Danphe
5.     Because he is unable to send the money to pay debt back to the sahu.
6.     Students' answers may vary.
Explore the text
7.     For all those Nepali brothers and sisters who are working in gulf countries being for from their native land and family members.
8.     Pathetic and poverty stricken economical condition is presented.
9.     he act of flying educated and able man power away from the country in search of better opportunities is called brain drain.
10.   Posible answers.
-       Economic condition or poverty
-       Unemploymeny problems
-       Better education
-       etc.
11.   Make students follow the given letter as model for writing the letter to this question.
Listening (Karin's knee Surgery)
        Karin ___went___ to the hospital the other day to have knee surgery. She ___had had_____ knee surgery three times before--in 1988, 1989 and 1994.  While she ___was waiting_______ for the nurse, her flatmate Leslie called her on her cell phone. The nurse arrived and __took_____ her to her room.  Before Karin ____was taken____ into the operating room, the nurse wrote "yes" on her right thigh, above her bad knee.  The doctor put her under ("put sb under" means to give someone drugs to make them sleep) so that she ____wouldn't feel______ them cutting her knee open.  Three hours later, she_____woke up____ in the recovery room. Leslie had to work late, so she ___wasn't able to_______ pick Karin up from the hospital. Karin called Karl because he___had said____ that he would pick her up if Leslie couldn't. Right now, while Karin is lying in bed telling him about the operation, Karl ___is typing_____ this quiz.

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